Electric-arc lamp.



No. 684,407. Patented on. I5, I90I. u. BREIEB.

ELECTRIC ARC LAIP.

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No. 684,407. Patented Oct. I5, I91". ll. BBEIEB.

ELECTRIC ARC LAIP.

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No. 684,407. Patented Oct. I5, mm. H. BREMEB.

ELECTRIC ARC LAMP.

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UNITED STATES PATENT ()EEIcE.

HUGO BREMER, OF NEHEIM, GERMANY.

ELECTRIC-ARC LAM P.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 684,407, dated October 15, 1901.

Application filed November 2, 1900. Serial No. 35,275. (No model-l To all whont it may concern/.-

Be it known that I, HUGO BREMER, a subject of the Emperor of Germany, residing at Neheim-on-the-Ruhr, in the Province of Westphalia, Germany, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Arc-Lamps, of which the following is a specification.

In arc-lamps with carbon pencils placed pointing downward and in which the luminous arc expands downward in fan fashion vibration and iluct nation of the arc may very easily occur, because the arc has nothing to steady it, while the ascending atoms of air-constantly tend to force it upward. Owing to the high temperature of the arc, which would soon fuse any substance, either wholly or partially, and would too much obstruct the emission of light, it was hitherto found impossible to confine the are. These disadvantages are obviated in the arrangement forming the subject-matter of the present invention by causing the are 1), Figures 1 and 2, between the carbonpoints Ct a (which are is powerfully depressed owing to electrical conditions or by means of magnetic arrangements for projecting it downward) to be steadied by causing its lateral edge to bear against the sides of a hollow cylinderorretlectorc. 'Ihelattermusttherefore be of comparatively small dimensions, or else it must be contracted or provided with extensions (1 in the parts facing the edges of the arc. The emission oflight will then remain unobstructed on the two large lateral surfaces. As the temperature is considerably lower at the sides of the arc than at the apex, which in this case remains perfectly free, the risk of fusion of the steadying extensions is materially reduced. It may be further reduced to a minimum by admixing with the carbon a large percentage of such substances as are not themselves liable to combustion, thus considerably reducing the temperature of the arc. Among such substances I may mention the alkaline earthy metals and their salts or the salts of the metalloids-such as, for instance, silicon, alumina, calcium combinations, rte. While the heat of the arc of ordistated above.

placed one above the other only one shoulder 07-, Fig. 3, may be employed, as in this position the are has of itself an upward tendency. In any case the support given to the are by the solid surfaces, as above, exerts upon it an essential steadying effect and imparts to it a greater stability Without impediment to the emission of light or fusion of the parts brought into contact with the are. At the same time the effect is increased if simultaneously with the shoulders for steadying the are a magnetic field e is applied which will continually project the are against these shoulders, because the shoulders the1nselves,thongh preventing the are from expanding 0utward that is to say, becoming too largecannot protect it against creeping inward or becoming too small; but care must be taken to insure that the parts d of the reflector are effectively insulated, as otherwise'secondaryarcs might be formed between the edges or limbs of the arc and the parts g and a partial discharge of the branch current may take place by its passing from the edge or limb next to the positive carbon through the metal to the edge or limb near the negative carbon and thence back into the are and to the negative carbon. This is impossible ifthe parts areinsulated or made of non-conducting material.

For the purpose of producing a magnetic field acting upon the are in cooperation with the parts (1 I formerly proposed the arrangement described in my application Serial No. 23,783. In this connection I laid particular stress on the position occupied by the ex tensions with regard to the are, because a circumstance to be considered is that the are may sometimes incline half-way to one side in consequence of draft or through some such cause, and it may then happen that while the position of the extensionpieces or pole-pieces hitherto tended to depress the are entirely different parts of the extensionpieces may exert a magnetic action on the are from the moment when it inclines halfway to one side, thus propelling it in the opposite direction-that is to say, upward.

The arrangement shown in Figs. 4 and 5 has been found to be the best position for the extension-pieces. In this arrangement the two extension-pieces f of the two poles are placed obliquely or else arranged horizontally at the sides of the are, above or below the latterthat is say, as compared with the former position the only point to which importance is attached is that the two ends instead of being vertical are placed obliquely, or, better still, horizontally, and do not turn upward toward the regulating-magnet until at some distance from the are, the arrangement being such that the lines of force are not directed quite vertically, but only approximately vertically to the direction of the arc. Of course two permanent magnets or electromagnets might also be similarly arranged laterally to the arc; but in any case the direction of the two pole ends or horns acting on the arc must have the above-mentioned position. Experiments have shown that the best action of the magnet upon the voltaic are is obtained when arranging the magnet or its pole-pieces or generallya magnetic field in such a manner below the carbonpoints that the lines of force are operating exclusively upon the lower portion of the are, so that the same is pulled downward by said magnetic field and prevented from being overturned. However, it will also suffice if one single horizontal projection or horn f only of the magnet is arranged parallel to the direction of the are at the side thereof, as in Fig. 6. It will likewise suffice if one extensionpiece f 'is carried all around the arc, Fig. 7. In both cases the lines of force of the pole willstrike the luminous are obliquely. Even if'the two poles f f of the magnetic field are placed opposite each other at the side of the luminous arc, Fig. 8, so that the lines of force run directly parallel to the luminous are, it will be found that the arc is impelled vertically downward. The lines of force have in all cases a different direction with regard to the downward-driven arc, and from this it follows that the direction of the lines of force has no influence upon the direction in which the arc is deflected. It is therefore of importance that the electromagnetic excitement resulting from the main magnet is directed parallel to the drection of the are if the latter is burning as usual, whereupon the arc is deflected vertically up or downward, according to the direction of the flowing magnetism. A proof of the correctness of this latter statement is supplied by the circumstance that it is possible even (see Fig. 9) to close the two pole ends magnetically, whereby any polarization is done away with in the magnetic field created when, so to speak, the magnetic fluid emanates from the exciting-magnet only on both sidesof the arc in a direction parallel to the latter.

In arc-lamps in which a regulating system is applied consisting of a series magnet and a shunt-magnet, as stated in a former patent specification of mine, the magnet extension-pieces on the series coil as, Fig. 9 are best arranged below the arc and those of the shunt-coil y above. If, then, the arc recedes too far upward, it will be placed in closer proximity to the series magnet and farther removed from the shunt-magnet. The influence of the latter will therefore decrease, while that exerted by the former on the arc will increase, thus propelling the are downward again.

In the arc-lamps hitherto described the carbons are supposed to be placed parallel or at an acute angle to each other, and such carbons only are to be used which will form a hard non-conductive slag. The ignition of the carbons or so-called striking of the are will therefore involve difficulties in so far as it cannot be effectedwith certainty by simply moving the oarbon-points toward each other, because the slag deposited on the lat eral margins of the carbon pencils, Fig. 10, will prevent the necessary contact. I therefore propose to arrange between the carbons converging toward each other a metallic piece g, which is removed from the carbons while the lamp is not alight. When the carbons, however, are approached to each other or when the aforesaid metallic piece is moved downward, so that in the narrowing space between the carbons it must finally touch their lateral margins, the contact will be brought; about, as indicated in the drawings by dotand-dash lines, above the slag zone. When the are, once struck, is propelled downward, owing to the position of the carbon-points or in consequence of the repelling influence of a magnet, &c., the issuing points of the arc will clear away the slag before them in their downward progress, so that the arc will constantly maintain contact and continue steadily until it has reached the extremities of the carbon, when it will remain stationary.

Figs. 11 and 12 of the accompanying drawings show an are striking or igniting device which is based on the principles described before. It consists of a wedge-shaped primer h, which, actuated by the current of the lamp, is brought between the carbons by means of a lever h. It is desirable to position the primer in such a manner that the lever h cannot remove the primer immediately after the contact between primer and carbon takes place but remain in contact a short time to establish the striking of the arc with certainty. This end is obtained by connecting the lever h, Fig. 11, with the primer 71 by a spring 1). This connection has the effect that when the lever is already acted upon by the current, so as to tend toward withdrawing the primer, the spring '0' will yield in the first place, thus causing the contact between the carbons and the primer to continue for a short space of time. This arrangement insures, more especially in the case of various lamps grouped in series, that there is not a longcontinued rattling noise or pumping in the lam p before ignition has taken place throughout; but after the arc in the first lamp has been struck sufficient time is aiforded to all the other lamps to ignite likewise, so that contact has been generally established throughout before the first lamp on its part withdraws the primer from contact with the carbons. Such an igniter joined to its lever with the interposition of a spring may also be arranged so as to protrude obliquely from below through the reflector, Fig. 13, and it may, moreover, be duplicated (see Figs. 1% and 15) and provided with a separate primer-point 7; for each carbon, so that each primer-point is brought into contact with the respective carbon-point and owing to the elasticity of the spring is enabled to adapt itself to any irregularities, so as to establish a circuit through the medium of the two priming-levers 71 72. which are connected so as to make a short circuit. The precipitates deposited above the slag on the carbons may also be removed by causing the primer to strike the carbons after the fashion of a hammer in the manner indicated in Fig. 16. The coil Zon one shank of an electromagnet has passing through it a weak current and that on the other shank Z a strong current, in the circuit of which the carbon is inserted. Above the electromagnet a spring-lever m is arranged, with which a contact is connected. At the time of ig nition a weak current is sent through the electromagnet, whereby m is attracted, whereupon the contact is made by the spring 0, which has the effect of causing the lever on to oscillate like the striker of a gong and to detach the precipitates from the carbon by its repeated impact. Vhen the arc has been removed to its terminal position, the powerful current will pass through Z, attracting the end m of the lever m. The primer may also be made to act on the carbons from above, for which purpose the latter may be provided at its upper end with a metallic contact 0', Fig. 18.

A regulating and priming arrangement for arc-lamps of the kind described with parallel or obliquely placed carbons is shown in Figs. 17 and 18. In these figures, at a are the carbons, which are arranged so as to slide easily in tubes. Theyare held in position by clamping-levers with the aid of springs q. The levers p carry an armature which is attracted by the electromagnet r, so that at a given moment the levers on both carbons may be eased, so as to allow the latter to drop. Below the plate P a second lever 29' is pivotally arranged so that one of its arms can be turned sufliciently far to cause the carbon-points to find a support on the lever end .9. The move ment of the lever is brought about by the electromagnet tacting on the armature r,and thereby turning the lever-arm p as far as necessary. The modeof action is as follows:

When the arc-lamps are thrown into circuit, a current is sent through the shunt-circuit, which passes through the coils of the electromagnet 25, causing the armature r to be attracted, thus turning the lever 13'. At the same time the electromagnet 0, which is inserted in the same shunt-circuit, will attract the armature with the two clamping-leversp, which will thus be made to release the carbons, permitting them to slide down until they are stopped by s. It sis a conductor, an electric contact will at the same time be established and ignition will be effected, two small arcs being formed between 3 and the carbon-points. These will subsequently combine in one large are as soon as s is withdrawn. The electric pressure in the shuntcircuit will then have been reduced so far that the lever 13 can be brought back to its normal position by the action of the spring 19 after the carbons have again been fixed in position or clamped by the levers p. Ignition having thus been effected by this arrangement, (which is advantageously done immediately at the points of the carbons,) the same arrangement may be applied for efiecting periodical regulations. In this case the arrangement should be made so that in proportion as the carbon-points are consumed and the distance between them is consequently increased the tension in the arc increases to such an extent as to cause the shuntcurrent to become suiliciently powerful to set the above-mentioned arrangement in motion, thus permitting the carbons to shoot forward until arrested by the arrester or feedcheck 5, or else, in accordance with my former patent application, the are as it ascends upward, owing to the consumption of the carbons, may make a direct contact, which will set the above-mentioned feed arrangement in action. For the purpose of regulation it is not requisite that the arrester or feed-check should be conductive. It is preferable to make it of non-conductive material, so that no arcs may be formed during the periodical regulation. For the purpose of initial priming or ignition a conductive plate u may easily be interposed, by means of an electromagnet d, between the arrester or feed-check and the carbon-points, so that in this case the ascending arrester may oppose to the carbon-points a metallic conductor unless the arrangementis made so that an independent metallic arrester is interposed in first striking the are, so that the carbon pencils may descend upon this, while for the purpose of the periodical regulation a second non-conductive arrester,1ike wise worked independently, is provided. The extreme ends of these arresters which are brought into contact with the incandescent carbon may easily be made so that they can readily be detached and replaced when destroyed by the heat. The regulating mechanism is brought into action by causing the arc to make a contact when it has ascended to a certain point through the consumption of the carbon pencils or by a shunt-magnet, which will establish the contact, setting the regulating mechanism in motion, owing to the fact that the resistance of the are increases as the distance between the obliquely-placed carbons is increased through the consumption of their extreme ends or as the arc approaches nearer to the magnet, which serves to depress the are.

What I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

1. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them a reflector surrounding the carbon-points and having extensions or projections arranged in the direction of the are for the purpose described and set forth.

2. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them a reflector surrounding the carbon-points and having extensions or projections the carbons containing silicon or the like to reduce the temperature of the are for the purpose described and set forth.

3. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them a refiectorsurrounding the carbon-points and having extensions or projections arranged in the direction of the are and being constructed of non-conducting material for the purpose described and set forth.

4. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them a reflector surrounding the carbon-points and having extensions or projections arranged in the direction of the are and a magnet producing a magnetic field said'fleld driving the are against said projections of the reflector for the purpose described and set forth.

5; In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of carbons in alinement with each other an are between them, a reflector sur rounding the carbon-points and a projection arranged in said reflector of non-conducting material to hold the are for the purpose described and set forth.

6. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them and the pole ends of a magnet arranged on each side of the are said pole ends being open or closed in order to produce lines of force parallel to the are for the purpose described and set forth.

'7. I11 an electric-are lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them and the pole ends of a magnet arranged below the are so as to pull it down for the purpose described and set forth.

8. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them and the pole ends of a magnet arranged on each. side of the are said magnet being influenced by a series and a shunt coil the first being placed above, the latter below the are as and for the purpose set forth.

9. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons and the pole ends of a magnet arranged on each side of the carbons and a primer arranged to strike the carbons above the points as described and for the purpose set forth.

10. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons and the pole ends of a magnet arranged on each side of the carbons and a primer operating over the points of the carbons, a levenh operating the primer, an electromagnet operating said lever and springs to actuate the primer as described and for the purpose set forth.

11. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons a primer arranged to strike the carbon ends above their points said primer being cperated by an electromagnet Z, Z and a contact 91 and a spring 0 for the purpose described and set forth.

12. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons an are between them a primer h loosely connected to a lever and adapted to strike the carbons from below or the side and a spring connecting the primer with said lever for the purpose described and set forth.

13. In an electric-arc lamp the combination of a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons two primers being in conductive connection with each other and carrying a priming cross-bar said primer being attached to a lever and having a spring connection therewith as described and for the purpose set forth.

14:- In an electric-arc lamp a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or converging carbons a primer 3 arranged to ignite the carbons from below and hold them while being released, a double-armed lever 19 to operate said primer an armature r to operate said lever and an electromagnet t to operate said armature for the purpose described and set forth.

15. In an electric-arc lamp a pair of downwardly-pointed parallel or convergingcarbons a primer 8 arranged to ignite the carbons from below and hold them while being released, a double-armed lever 10 to operate said primer an armature r, a leverp to hold the carbons having an armature influenced by a spring q an electromagnet r for operating said armature for the purpose described and set forth.

nueo BREMER.

iVitnesses:

EDWARD P. MAOLEAN, GEORGE E. LIGHT. 

